GEC WRITHLON

Friday, 3 April 2020

ELECTRONICS Friday, April 03, 2020

What is probability?

Probability is the basic need of communication in Engineering, we discuss all possibilities

That can take place. Basically, it tells about chances of any outcome can take place.

All software, we make use all possibilities and their chances of favour and against.

In the cases where sample space is very small, we normally use favourable outcomes over total outcomes but when sample space is very large, we can’t make it manually, we are dependent on binomial, poisson and normal distribution. When p(SUCCESS) is intermediate in size and n(no. Of outcomes) is large, we use binomial distribution and when p is very small and n is very large, we use poisson distribution.

Probability is a way that many people understand basically. Since words like “proportion”, “likelihood”, “chance” and “possibility” are used in everyday speech. Following are the examples of fact statements of probability which might be heard in any of the business situation: -

1)There is a 30% chance of this job not to be finished in time.

2)There is every likelihood that the business will be making a great profit the following year.

The concept of probability is really very important. It has discovered a very extensive application in the development of every physical science. Sometimes a person explains without actually discussing probability. The probability is a way which mainly measures the degree of uncertainty and therefore of certainty of the occurring of events.

There are some situation for all of you doing communication subjects in branches ECE, CSE,IT

They all must practice of following questions

Daily life situation

1. Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test in specified as follows:

Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of people free of HIV, 90% of the test are judged HIV –ve but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV +ve. From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and the pathologist reports him/her as HIV +ve. What is the probability that the person actually has HIV ?

2. A doctor from panipat is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probability that he will come by train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport, are respectively The probabilities that he will be late are , if he comes by train, bus and scooter respectively, but if he comes by other means of transport, then he will not be late. When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes train?

3. Shakuni mama is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.

4. Lal path lab panipat blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (i.e., if a healthy person is tested, then with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1 per cent of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given that his test is positive?

5. Assume that the chances of a patient having a corona is 40%. It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time, a patient can choose any one of the two option with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a corona. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?

6. In answering a question on a MCQ test with 4 choices per question, a student of GEETA ENGG COLLEGE PANIPAT knows the answer, guesses or copies the answer. Let be the probability that he knows the answer, be the probability that he quesses and that he copies it. Assuming that a student, who copies the answer, will be correct with the probability , what is the probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly?

IN ALL ABOVE CASES WE ARE ONLY DEPENDENT ON PROBABILITY

Author

Mohinder Malhotra

GGI PNP

GEC WRITHLON 0

Wednesday, 1 April 2020

MECHANICAL Wednesday, April 01, 2020

Robotics

Robotics, in various forms, have been in the minds of humans since we were able to build Things.

You can see machines made by artisans trying to mimic human movements and behavior. Examples include the statues of Venice's San Marcos Clock Tower Hit the clock by the hour and the figures tell a story of the fifteenth century astronomical clock toward the Old Town Hall Tower in Prague. Sophisticated machines with repetitive movements from toys, simple types are other examples. In Hollywood, movies also portray robots and humanoids superior to humans.

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Humanoids are in principle robots and are designed and operated by the same basic concepts. The elements used in robots and robotics are actuators, sensors, vision systems and so on. Robot Rovers are no different usually has low degrees of freedom and usually moves in flight. Exoskeleton and Humanoid robots, walking machines and robots that mimic animals and insects may have several degrees of freedom (DOF) and special capabilities. However, the same The principles we learn about manipulators also apply to robot rovers, whether kinematics differential motions, dynamics or control.

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Robots are very powerful elements in today's industry. They are capable of demonstrating many different tasks and activities are accurate and do not require general security and comfort elements needed by humans. However, this requires a lot of effort and many resources for the robot to function properly. Most companies made robots in the mid-1980s with only a few exceptions, there are only companies that make real industrial robots remained in the market (Adept, Staubli, Fanuc, Cuca, Epson, Motoman, Denso, Specialized robotic companies such as Fuji, and IS robotics, as well as Mako Surgical Corporation). Early entrepreneur predictions about the number of robots in the industry has never materialized because high expectations cannot be met current robots, as a result, have many thousands of robots in the industry working tirelessly and satisfactorily for the intended jobs, the robots are not overwhelmed in place of workers. They are used wherever they are useful. Like humans, robots can do Some things, but not others. They are designed correctly for the Intended purposes, they are very useful and to be used. The subject of robotics has many different areas. Robots are never alone useful. These can be used in conjunction with other devices, peripherals and other manufacturers Machines. They are usually integrated into one system, which is designed as a whole do a thing or do an operation.

What is a robot?

If you combine a traditional robot manipulator with a crane, say, utility or you will notice that the towing vehicle is similar to the robot manipulator crane. Both have several links that are regularly attached to each other with joints, where each joint is moved by some kind of actuator. In both systems, the "hand" of the manipulator can be moved into space and placed in the desired workspace of the system. Each it can carry a certain load and is controlled by a central controller. However, one is called a robot and one is called a manipulator (or, in this case, a Crane). Similarly, material handling manipulators that move heavy objects in manufacturing plants look like robots, but they are not robots. The fundamental difference between both, the crane and the manipulator are controlled by a man and controls the actuators, while the robot manipulator is controlled by a running computer program. This difference between the two determines whether or not a device is simple manipulator or robot.

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Generally, robots are designed and controlled Through a computer or similar device. The movements of the robot are controlled by a Computer supervised controller, which runs some kind of program. Therefore, if the program is changed, the robot's actions change accordingly. The idea is to have a device that can do many different things. Therefore, the robot is designed much can be done based on the running program (s) by changing Program. This cannot be done without a simple manipulator (or crane) operator running all the time.

Different countries have different standards for what is considered a robot. In the American standards require that the device, which is considered a robot, be easily reproduced. Therefore, manual handling equipment (devices with multiple degrees of freedom and Equipment operated by the operator) or fixed-range robots (devices controlled by hard stops) It is difficult to change the control actuator movements in a fixed sequence) are not considered robots.

AUTHOR:

VIKAS NANDAL

(Assistant Professor Mechanical Department Geeta Engineering College Panipat)

GEC WRITHLON 6

ELECTRONICS Wednesday, April 01, 2020

MODERN OPTICAL FIBER

INTRODUCTION:

Fiber-Optic Communication is that the latest and advanced mode of knowledge communication which has very recent roots dating back to less than 40 years ago, this was the main breakthrough in the field of communication.

Right from this time, there has been a continuously increasing need for bandwidth for communication due to continuously increasing the number of users. More people wanted to speak , and thus large bandwidths were required thereby forcing communication scientists to seem for brand spanking new possibilities. Communication Scientists everywhere the planet were in an incessant look for a wideband and low-loss medium of knowledge communication which might be used at high data rates with the least amount of lost possibly. This constant search, for such a medium, led to the event of glass fiber communication.

MOTIVATION - OPTICAL COMFINDMENT

We already have a lot of sources of light in our day to day life, for e.g. incandescent bulbs, gas bulbs, LEDs, fluorescent lamps, etc. Then why worry about sources?

Similarly, the second question also features a very obvious answer. Fibers also are used for illumination and are wrapped in bundles in order that they'll choose a spread of other applications,including sensors and fiber lasers. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light must be shone on a target without a transparent line-of-sight path. Many microscopes use fiber-optic light sources to provide intensely.

WHY OPTICAL FIBRE :

Fibers having attenuations greater than 1 dB/km are rarely .it used in communication networks. The attenuation of wrongly matched fibers can exceed 1 dB/km per connector or splice if they're mis handled during installation stages. Precise positioning of the fibers to center the cores requires good coupling efficiency. Connector loss can be avoided by splicing the 2 ends of the fibers permanently, either by gluing of by fusing at high temperatures. Losses in gaps are often viewed as a kind of Fresnel loss because existing air space introduces two media interfaces and their associated Fresnel reflection losses. In this case, there are two major losses to be considered. The first loss takes place on the inner surface of the transmitting fiber, and therefore the second loss occurs thanks to reflections from the surface of the second fiber. One way of eliminating these losses is by introducing a coupler that matches the optical impedances of the 2 materials.

a. Mie Scattering

b. Rayleigh Scattering

a) Mie Scattering

Non-perfect cylindrical structure of the fiber and

imperfections like irregularities in the core-cladding

interface, diameter fluctuations, strains, and bubbles may

make linear scattering known as Mie scattering.

b) Rayleigh Scattering

The main reason behind Rayleigh scattering is refractive index fluctuations due to density and compositional variation in the core. It is the main intrinsic loss mechanism within the low impedance window. By using longest possible wavelength Rayleigh scattering can be reduced to a large extent.

CONCLUSION :

The decision of a suitable crisis rebuilding technique for a harmed glass fiber link, likewise as its perpetual fix, relies upon the degree of the harm and especially on the conveyance of fiber breaks. The reclamation methodology introduced beneath are upheld the reason that glass fiber link frameworks convey enormous traffic cross areas and warrant an impressive . Therefore, a fundamental comprehension of the mechanics of link conduct, concerning the mechanical pressure applied to the link, in harm circumstances is significant in creating and applying these techniques. Particularly at high optical force level scattering causes lopsided weakening, due to non-straight conduct. On account of this nonlinear dissipating, the optical force from one mode is moved in either the forward or reverse way to an equal , or different modes, at various frequencies.

AUTHOR:

SONIA KATARIA

(Assistant Professor Applied Science Department Geeta Engineering College Panipat)

GEC WRITHLON 14

Monday, 30 March 2020

ELECTRONICS Monday, March 30, 2020

Latest Trend in Logistics

For every business, logistics is the path of success because the entire path for movement of goods, services and information from one place to another place (from point of origin to point of consumption).

Logistics not only deals with movement of information but also maintain the huge amount of relevant data electronically, maintain adequate level of inventory, electronically updating of order when the level of order reaches at ordering point.

Logistics means the art of managing the flow of raw material and finished goods from the source to user. Logistics to get goods from where they arise to the right place in the right form, at the right time, at the right cost. “Logistics is an integral part of marketing process”.

Logistics successful deals with follow of 7 R’s

• Right price

• Right product

• Right quantity

• Right place

• Right condition

• Right customer

• Right condition

But according to my view, above all these criteria, right decision also influence the success of logistics. If amount, time and place decision are not taken proper, then it adversely affect the operation of business. If the order amount will not decide appropriate then it leads to create under stock or over stock.

Logistics management is defined as a process of planning, implementation and controlling the movement of raw material, products, services, and data from the stage of production to consumer end user.

Logistics management is the element of supply chain management and it is used to implement and control the efficient, effective forward, reverse slow or storage of goods, services and information. The complexity of logistics can be reduced by simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in logistics field.

Increase in e-commerce gives birth to the e-commerce logistics which leads to order electronically, updating of stock electronically and payment electronically all these factor reduce the cost and resources of logistics. There are apps for trucking miles driven, freight sent, inbound orders and customer service interaction all are managed through applications.

MAJOR TECHNOLOGY CHANGE THE FUTURE OF LOGISTICS INDUSTRY

• Shipment tracking system

Internet of things

• Radio frequency identification

• Enhanced GPS accuracy

• Social media

• Automatic information technology

• Warehouse robotics

• Mobile apps

• Electronic data interchange

• Enterprise resource planning

1. Shipment tracking system: Today, internet and software advances allow the customer or supplier both to track the ship due to use of tracker system 24x7. It allows the customer to manage and monitor the ship.

2. Internet of things: Shipment tracking system only tracks the ship but IOT open various opportunities for supply chain. Sensors are built into cabs, cargo ship, train etc and connect to an alarm system that is monitoring and tracking. This sensor process information to supplier.

3. Radio frequency identification: RFID technology is a labor saving way companies can track their inventory. A tag is placed on the product and radio waves are sent out. Many companies are using RFID tags in their distribution warehouse to monitor the containers.

4. Enhanced GPS accuracy: Now everyone uses GPS, it increase productivity and satisfied customer by tracking trucks location and improving hauls to access traffic.

5. Social media: 59% of Americans who have a social account agree that customer service via social media has made it easier to get customer feedback.

6. Automatic information technology: Auto ID is the term used to illustrate the straight entry of data and information in the computer system and microprocessor controlled device.

7. Warehouse robotics: AGVs are portable robots used on the warehouse floor. They are controlled by computers and maintain stock without the need of board operator.

8. Enterprise resource planning: ERP software is used to maintain the appropriate level of resources and share a common data and data model, deep operational end to end

processes.

MAJOR ACTIVITIES OF LOGISTICS

• Transportation: transportation department analyze the expenses of the logistics firm and also faster delivery of the products. Proper packaging of product ensures safety of goods and also determines the best route for delivery.

• Warehousing: goods are stored in warehouse according to appropriate temperature so that off season products are also available all the time. Warehouse should be located at that place through which the transportation cost will be minimized.

• Order processing: order processing deals with the fulfillment of customer order. It start when the customer place an order and end with completion of order with customer satisfaction.

• Inventory management: inventory management deals with maintain of appropriate level of inventory so that the business not face the problem of over and under stocking. Now, the business not needs to maintain huge amount of stock due to availability of faster source of transportation available in the market.

• Purchasing: it deals with the procurement of goods and services at that right time, right amount and right price at that point where carrying or ordering cost will be minimize and at the same point in which total cost also is minimize.

• Packaging: packaging of product is done in a manner which increases the safety of product through the movement of goods and services from one place to another place.

• Provide information: business cannot make sufficient profit up to the information of product was not spread at all the targeted area and this became possible through advertisement.

At last, we can conclude that logistic is one of the growing industry in the economy.

Technology updating in logistics is growing day by day which reduce the time for order processing.

Author:

Tara Rani

Student BBA 3RD Year Management Dept. Geeta Engineering College

VIVEK KUMAR GUPTA 63

COMPUTER SCIENCE Monday, March 30, 2020

The new Programming Language: Go Language

Over the last decade, Google (now restructured under the parent company Alphabet, Inc.) has diversified into practically every tech sector there is—from mobile devices, mobile operating software, and AI to robotics and therefore the Internet of Things (IoT).

Together of the world’s biggest tech companies, it had been only a matter of your time before Google came up with its own programming language.

And so, in 2009, the Go programming language was born. Created by Robert Grasmere, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson, Go (also referred to as Golang) is an open-source language that first began development in 2007.

Like many other Google projects, Go is open source, meaning that the programming language is open and freely available. this enables anyone to contribute thereto by creating new proposals, and offering fixes to bugs, making the language faster and better for all users.

What Makes Golang Unique?

Go’s design takes inspiration from other languages like C, Algol, Pascal, Oberon, and Smalltalk, Go springs primarily from the Oberon language. At an equivalent time, its syntax is analogous to C. Meanwhile, Go’s object-oriented programming (OOP) is analogous to Smalltalk’s, except having the ability to connect methods to any type. Finally, Go’s concurrency is usually taken from New squeak—another language developed by Golang co-creator Rob Pike.

While Go language is heavily inspired by C, it also comes with additional features, such as:

• Garbage collection

• Native-style concurrency

• Quick compiler

• Pointers

These are just a unique couple of the various native features that allow developers to bypass writing long lines of code to handle memory leaks or networked applications. It’s for this reason that Go is especially ideal for developing cloud-native applications and distributed networked services.

The fact that Go is such a replacement language (relative to industry stalwarts like C, Python, and Java) is additionally one among its main strengths. Go was designed at a time when multicore processors, computer networks, and enormous codebases were already the norm. As such, Go excels at learning quickly. It’s also a breeze to figure with and straightforward to read—characteristics that have made it one among the world’s top programming languages a decade later. In fact, consistent with the Index for October 2019, Go is that the 17th top programming language.

Advantages of Go

Easy to Use and skim. Go might not have the recognition of JavaScript or Python, but it’s a top 20 programming language for a reason thanks to an important characteristic it shares with them: Go is straightforward to use and understand.

Go’s syntax is straightforward, with a forgiving learning curve that creates it more accessible to novice programmers. It also helps that there aren’t too many complex functions to find out . But aside from being friendlier to newbies, Go’s slick and clean syntax makes it perfect for legacy code which will need multiple programmers writing different versions of code on top of 1 another. And if you’re someone who is already proficient in C# or C++, learning Go should be more accessible thanks to its striking similarities to C.

Impressive Standard Library. Go users have access to a powerful standard library that comes packaged with the language, which saves the difficulty of importing or learning complex secondary libraries.

Go’s standard library is sophisticated but not confusing, helping reduce the danger of issues from conflicting function names. for instance, the addition of slices is one among Go’s best contributions to programming because it offers a more straightforward way of integrating data structures into code blocks. Go consolidates what would rather be complicated workarounds in several languages into one line of code through its interface.

Strong Security. More often than not, simpler code is safer and safer than complicated code. an equivalent concept applies to travel. and since it’s a statically typed language, Go users don’t need to worry about having to avoid and appearance for hard-to-identify errors—challenges that are par for the course with more dynamic languages and their sizable amount of variable types.

The inclusion of a garbage man also helps prevent memory leaks. And while Go’s lack of generics means programmers got to be more careful when running tests, its simple identifying errors compared to other languages means Go lends itself to a more thorough approach to writing clean code.

The Google Name. this might not appear to be a plus intrinsically, but Google’s size and stature within the tech industry promises a secure future for Go. Sure, Google has been known to bet big on ambitious projects and platforms (see Google Glass, Google Reader, Google+ and other products within the Google graveyard), it doesn’t appear as if the corporate will abandon Go anytime soon.

It also helps that a number of the world’s biggest companies are using Go, with names like Uber, Twitch, Medium, Docker, BBC, and Intel, all using the language in their projects. If anything, all of this goes to point out that Go will likely be a fixture in Google’s architecture for several years to return. This also means now's nearly as good a time as any to find out Golang.

Author:

Shayog Sharma

(Assistant Professor Cse Department, Geeta Engineering College Panipat)

GEC WRITHLON 1

Saturday, 28 March 2020

COMPUTER SCIENCE Saturday, March 28, 2020

Optimal Resource Allocation: Must for Quality Management

In strategic planning in industry, resource allocation is a plan for utilizing the available facilities and resources, to achieve the targeted/specified goals.

It is the process of allocation of all available resources/facilities to the various sections of an Industry/organization. Industry management is responsible for the allocation of the facilities/resources to achieve industrial objectives. In an industry/organization, decision making is done by the management. To execute this decision making, the management of an industry/organization requires complete information about the available facilities, resources and their relative effectiveness for achieving the organizational targets and objectives. Plant resources are acquired, manipulated and allocated under the control of the head. In actual situations, very limited resources are available for system upgrading and improvement.

Accurate information and well-set objectives are required to define well in advance, to be assured that the right amount of resources and facilities are assigned to the right places and at the right time. Once the forecaster demand is materialized and accepted, the available facilities and resources are allocated with certainty, under the existing plant or industry conditions, which seemed to be most realistic. The working of a thermal power plant is analyzed to allocate the available resources and facilities optimally to achieve the long-run availability, without compromising on quality. Therefore, a great need to optimize the resource allocation process is realized. The problem of resource and facilities allocation arises when the available facilities are not sufficient to satisfy the market demands during the industrial operation. Mostly, the plant managers face various challenges like limited money, manpower, machines or other facilities. Thus, in order to make the power plant operation effective, the allocation of the required resources and facilities to the plant is very essential.

The resource management system plays a very crucial and important role in matchmaking the resource demanded and proportionately resource allocated, along with their optimum utilization. So many techniques are available to us for allocation of the resources and facilities optimally but have few limitations like complexities involved in implementing these techniques for real situations. The various software can also be used to save large computation time for optimal resource allocation problems but to be familiar with software and calculating expertise don’t substitute for creativity and diligence in resource planning and allocation. These optimal resource allocation techniques are very useful in the evaluation of large data but don’t always validate the data. Efforts should be put up to allocate the budget associated with the manpower and maintenance in a thermal power plant. It is a complex problem and has to be formulated as DPP (Dynamic Programming Problem).

Therefore, a Resource Allocation Model (RAM) must be developed to resolve this issue. RAM is a form of a recursive mathematical relationship using which, the various resources can be allocated to thermal power plant optimally. In developing a Resource Allocation Model, the complete process of a thermal power plant has been considered consisting of n stages (systems) under the constraints of maintenance cost and manpower cost. The problem must be treated as a multistage decision problem.

Author:

Dr.Sorabh Gupta

Director, Geeta Engineering College, Panipat

GEC WRITHLON 1

MECHANICAL Saturday, March 28, 2020

Indian Automotive Industry: A Review & Its Classification

History of Automobiles:

Numerous innovation in the fields of engineering comprising engines, fuels, tires safety, societal infrastructure, manufacturing standards and sales & marketing etc impacted the growth of the automobile industry.

Some researchers quote the first vehicles as “sail mounted carriages” derived by something else than animals or humans in the seventeen century. On the flip side, other believed initiation of automobile industry since the innovation of engine. The year 1876 witnessed a breakthrough technology “Four stroke internal combustion gasoline-fueled engine” innovated in Europe and America while invention in the areas of steering wheel, floor mounted accelerator and rubber tire in 19 century triggered the automotive industry because of ease of use. The man behind introduction of assembly line was Henry Ford which caused mass production to achieve economies in vehicle production. At the time of World War II, automobile manufacturers and weapons by pausing production of passenger vehicles. In post-World War II particularly during 1950s and 1960s, a wide variety of technological inventions like fiber glass bodies, good quality fuel with better compression ratio attract customer due to more comfortable vehicle and better look.

Automobile industry is one of the largest production/assembly activity across the globe. The automotive demand has shown wide variation from very high demand to slow down in India and world as well. In the last three decades, numerous international automotive manufacturer moved in the country for manufacturing and sales of their vehicles in local market and as well as export to international customers. To deal with the global competition, the big name of the industries established their assembly plant in various parts of India which played a vital role in country economy and created new jobs in the bulk. Our economy is very much reliant upon the performance, sustainability and profitability of this important sector. The current turnover of the automotive industry is around USD 26.2 billon. This huge global competitiveness is exerting immense pressure on the industries manufacturing management especially on Supply Chain Management to deal with cost stress although it is presumed globalization cause cost effectiveness, however there are lot many challenges such as logistic cost.

INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

It was about 1897, first car ran in India while until 1930s, only few cars were directly imported. Indian automobile industry started raising since 1940s and Mahindra & Mahindra company was started by two brothers to trade under license from Willys. In a short time, the company established its branch to manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural vehicles (tractors). However, Cars were carrying the tag of luxury till Japanese car manufacturers entered in the Indian market with the establishment of Maruti Udyog in the 1980s a joint ventures for manufacturing motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles, followed by numerous automobile manufacturers where Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra and Hindustan Motors are few, to mention. Society of Indian Automobile Manufactures (SIAM) estimates that annual vehicle sales will be nearly 9 million by 2020 and India may witness the highest car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the roads.

Indian Automobile Industry Classification

Indian automotive industry is producing a wide variety of vehicles e.g. Two and Three wheelers, passenger vehicles, light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, agricultural vehicles (tractors and combines), construction machineries/vehicles and ancillary (component segment for all these categories). According to Society of Indian Automobile Manufactures (SIAM) and Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA), a modified classification of Indian automotive industry has been proposed in following.

Classification of Indian Automotive Industry