GEC WRITHLON: PHARMACY

Showing posts with label PHARMACY. Show all posts

Tuesday, 7 April 2020

PHARMACY Tuesday, April 07, 2020

MICROSPHERES

MICROSPHERES

Microspheres are solid spherical free flowing powder. They are solid and hollow. The production of microsphere from natural, synthetic polymeric materials or inorganic materials which are mostly biodegradable in nature. Particles diameters in micrometre range from 1 to 1000 μm. Microsphere is also known as microparticles, spherical microparticles.

POLYMERS USED IN MICROSPHERES

Synthetic polymers

Lactides, glycolides, copolymers, polyalkyl cyanoacrylates, polyanhidrides, PMMA, Acrolein, Epoxy polymers

Natural polymers

Albumins, Starch agarose, Carrageenan, Chitosan, Gelatin, Collagen, Poly dextran, Poly starch, DEAE cellulose.

Types of Microsphere:

1.Radioactive microspheres: They are delivered very high radiation doses to the site of action without affecting the surrounding tissues and cells. Three type of emitters: Alpha, beta and gamma.

2. Bioadhesive microspheres: Bioadhesion is basically capability of material to adhere to tissues for the extended time period. They increase the penetration of active ingredients.

3. Floating microspheres: They are gastro retententive systems, low density and have sufficient capability to float over the surface of gastric content . They released the drug slowly at desired rate.

4. Mucoadhesive polymeric microspheres: It directly contacts with the mucous layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface it increases the residence time.

ADVANTAGES:

1. Increases in Solubility ,due to Reduced Size.

2. Patient compliance.

3. Less dose, less toxicity

4. Dosing frequency is limited.

5. GIT Protection from effects of drugs.

6. Taste and odor masking properties.

7. Increase bioavailability.

8. Improves powder flow

9. Incompatible material separation.

10. Conversion of liquid to solid is easy.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Cost is higher than standard formulations.

2. Less reproducibility.

3. Change in conditions like temperature, pressure, ph may affect the system.

4. Degradation or deterioration of product due to environmental changes.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Delivery of Vaccines.

2. Drug targeting to particular site.

3. Chemo mobilization

4. Controlled drug release.

5. Microencapsulated activated charcoal

6. Encapsulation of microbial cells.

7. Targeting by Using Micro Particulate Carriers

8. Direct couplings.

Methods of preparation

1. Solvent extraction: Dispersion of drug in organic solvent, Now add polymer in organic solvent, removal of organic phase by extraction of water and microspheres are formed.

2.Double emulsion technique: Drug is dissolved in aqueous solution, sonicate the solution for dispersing it in organic phase properly.first emulsion is formed (W/O) now add aq. Solution of PVA,Formation of multiple emulsion Now again add large aqueous phase to it and microspheres are formed in the solution.

3.Solvent evaporation: Core material dispersed in polymer solution and continue stirring core material disperse in liquid Manufacturing vehicle phase, Slightly heat up and solvent is going to evaporate and Microsphere are formed.

4.Phase sapartion /coaservation technique: Drug is dispersed or dissolved in the aqueous or organic solution of polymer.After induction of phase separation polymer rich globules are solidify and microspheres are formed.

5. Spray drying: First of all dissolve the polymer into organic phase.When the drug is dispersed in solution. Atomized in a stream of air.Now Small droplets are formed and solvent is evaporated.Finally the miocrospheres are prepared.

Conclusion:

Microspheres drug delivery system forms the micro size particles which are delivered in the target areas of the body, As their Reduced size, chances of solubility is increased and finally it positively response to the increase in bioavailability of the drug.

Video links: https://youtu.be/67FRYQ7iH90.

AUTHOR:

Ms. Shashi kiran

(Assistant professor, Geeta institute of pharmacy)

GEC WRITHLON 1

Friday, 27 March 2020

PHARMACY Friday, March 27, 2020

HOW DANGEROUS VIRUSES ARE?

Humans are fighting viruses since before human species had even evolved into its modernized form.

For a couple of viral diseases, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to remain infections from spreading widely, and have helped sick people recover. For one disease smallpox we've been able to eradicate it, ridding the earth of latest cases. But we're an extended way from winning the fight against viruses. In recent times, several viruses have shifted from animals to humans and riggeredserious outbreaks, effecting thousands of lives.

The viral strain that drove the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreaks in West Africa kills up to 90% of the people it infects, making it the foremost lethal member of the Ebola family. But there are other viruses out there that are equally deadly, and a couple of that are even deadlier. Severe viruses, such as the novel covid-19 currently driving outbreaks around the world, still pose a big threat to human health as we don't yet have the means to combat them. Viruses can infect every living thing -- from plants and animals right right down to the tiniest bacterium. It’s because of this reason; they have the potential to be dangerous to human life.

Ebola virus

The primary known Ebola outbreaks in humans struck simultaneously within the Republic of the Sudan and thus the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1976.by coming in contact with infected persons and animals.

Different strains vary dramatically in their deadliness, according to Elke Muhlberger, an Ebola virus expert and professor of microbiology at Boston University, told Live Science.One strain, Ebola Reston, doesn't even make people sick. apart from the Bundibugyo strain, the death rate is up to 50%, and it's up to 71% for the Sudan strain, according to WHO. The outbreak in West Africa began in 2014, and is the most severe and most complex outbreak of the disease so far , according to WHO.

HIV

An estimated 32 million people have died from HIV since the disease was first recognized within the first 1980s. "The disease that takes the foremost important toll on mankind immediately is HIV," Adalja said.

It was only possible for people to live for years with HIV because of Powerful and effective antiviral drugs. But the disease continues to devastate many low- and middle-income countries, where 95% of latest HIV infections occur.

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It has been observed that approximately 1 out of 25 adults within the WHO African region is HIV-positive, affecting for quite two-thirds of the people living with HIV worldwide.

Dengue

Dengue virus first appeared within the 1950s within the Philippines and Thailand, and has since spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. Up to 40% of the world's population now lives in areas where dengue is endemic, and thus the disease with the mosquitoes that carry it is perhaps getting to spread farther because the planet warms. Vaccination for Dengue was approved in 2019 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be utilized in children 9-16 years old living in an areas where dengue is common .

Rotavirus

Vaccines are now available to protect children from rotavirus, the leading explanation for severe diarrheal illness among babies and young children.

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This virus spreads rapidly, through the fecal-oral route (means that tiny particles of feces end up being consumed).Although children within the developed world rarely die from rotavirus infection, the disease could also be a killer within the developing world, where rehydration treatments aren't widely available.

SARS-CoV

The virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, first appeared in 2002 within the Guangdong of southern China, according to the WHO.

This virus was found to emerge in bats, and then jumped into nocturnal mammals called civets before infecting humans. After triggering a plague in China, SARS spread to 26 countries around the world, infecting quite 8000 people and killing quite 770 over the course of two years. The disease causes fever, chills and body aches, and sometimes progresses to pneumonia, a severe condition during which the lungs become inflamed and fill with pus. SARS has an estimated deathrate of 9.6%, and as of yet, has no approved treatment or vaccine. However, no new cases of SARS are reported since the primary 2000s, according to the CDC.

SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the same large family of viruses as SARS-CoV, mentioned as coronaviruses, and was first identified in December 2019 within the Chinese city of Wuhan. The virus likely originated in bats, like SARS-CoV, and skilled an intermediate animal before infecting people. This virus has infected thousands of people in China and many others worldwide. As well as the continued outbreak resulted into quarantine of Wuhan and other nearby cities, restrictions on visit and from affected countries and a worldwide effort to develop diagnostics, treatments and vaccines.

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The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, called COVID-19, has an estimated deathrate of about 2.3%. folks that are older or have underlying health conditions seem to be most in peril of getting severe disease or complications.

CONCLUSION

Unfortunately for humans, some viral infections outpace the system. Viruses can replicate more quickly than the system, which provides them a leg up in uninterrupted replication. and a couple of viruses, like HIV, work essentially by tricking the system . Viruses cause many diseases, including colds, measles, chicken pox, HPV, herpes, rabies, SARS and thus the flu. Though they're small, they pack a huge punch - which they will only sometimes be sent into exile.

AUTHOR:

Dr Rajni Hooda

(Assistant professor)

Department of Applied Sciences

Geeta Engineering College , Panipat

VIVEK KUMAR GUPTA 7

Sunday, 16 February 2020

PHARMACY Sunday, February 16, 2020

Micro-needles for painless drug delivery

Micro-needles are used to deliver the drug through transdermally. They vary in size 20-1500 micron in length and diameter not more than 30 micron.

These serve the purpose of both conventional hypodermic needles and transdermal patches.

Types of micro-needles

Solid
Coated
Dissolving
Hollow

How micro-needles deliver drugs

● Poke and patch: in this method micro-needles are inserted into the skin and the drug remains on the skin in the form of patch.

● Poke and coat : drug is coated on micro-needles and inserted into skin.

● Biodegradable (poke and release) : biodegradable micro-needles are released into skin.

● Hollow (poke and flow): drug is injected through hollow needles.

You can follow this link to check how drugs are delivered through micro- needles.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNwVvcXLiWc

Advantages

❖ painless

❖ Self administration is possible

❖ No Microbial growth

❖ Biodegradable

❖ Less costly

Disadvantages

v Proper care needed

v Chances of breakage of needles

v Inflammation on site of application

v Skin irritation

Conclusion

Although micro-needles for cosmetic products are available in the market, a lot of research is going on for micro-needles as a future drug delivery system instead of hypodermic needles which is painful and these will also provide sustained release of the drug.

Author:

Ms. Suman

(Assistant Professor, GeetaInstitute of Pharmacy)

VIVEK KUMAR GUPTA 0

PHARMACY Sunday, February 16, 2020

HUMAN ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION

INTRODUCTION:-

Organ donation is medical surgery to remove the organ from the body and Organ transplantation is a surgical treatment in which removal of organ from donor and placed in the body of a recipient, or to replace with the functioning one. Organs that can be transplanted basically are lungs, kidney, heart, liver, and thymus.

Most commonly transplanted organ is kidneys. Sir Peter Medawar was the father of transplantation. If Organs transplant within the same person's body is said to be auto grafts. If organ Transplants between two subjects of the same species are called allograft.

In which age you can become a donor

Basically any one can become a donor depends on his/her will, but if He/she is younger than age 18 required a consent of a parent. You may also donate organ after death but if the donor suffering from any chronic disease like HIV, Cancer, tumor, diabetes, kidney disease or any kind of heart disease excluded from this organ donation procedure because it become risky for the patient life.

Purpose of donating organs

The most important purpose is to save the life of an individual and it is the biggest gift for him/her to live their life again. Donating organs to which those really need can increase the quality of their life and able to spend time with family and friends. The requirement of the organs is very high but there is very less people who take interest in this kind of work.

In United States, every day 20-21people dies only because of waiting for the organs. One organ and tissue donor can help transform the lives of more than 10 people. This depends upon donors and their families willing to donate their organ and tissue after death. Australia has one of the best transplant success rates in the world and research shows that the majority of Australians support organ and tissue donation.

Benefits

Eye transplant help someone to see the world again.
Heart valves transplant help to recover babies born with heart defects.
Kidney transplant increase the life span of the recipient up to 10 years.
Transpalantation of any organ can improve the quality of living life and recipient health.

He/she spends more quality time with family and friends.
Bone marrow transplants save the children suffering from blood disorders.

Risk

Rejection of organ
Collapsing of organ
Organ failure
Illness and infections due to drugs and anti-rejection
Anaesthesia may cause some risk like death
Unexpected infection after surgery.
Dialysis may cause various side effects like muscle cramping etc.

Conclusion

Donating the organ to someone is a very good job. By this we can save someone’s life by living and dying we can do these noble things in any way. Transplantation is a successive medical therapeutic option for treatment of end stage disease.