GEC WRITHLON: ELECTRONICS

Showing posts with label ELECTRONICS. Show all posts

Sunday, 5 April 2020

ELECTRONICS Sunday, April 05, 2020

IoT (Internet of Things): Our Future

Life with IoT:

In just one year alone, we went from having 5 million IoT devices connected to the internet to billions.

The future is happening now, and these devices are getting smarter every day through machine learning and artificial intelligence. IoT devices are becoming a part of the conventional electronics culture and people are adopting smart devices into their homes faster than ever. It is estimated that there will be up to 21 billion connected devices to the internet. IoT devices will be a huge part of how we interact with everyday objects. There is big money in the IoT space currently, and it will only continue to grow as technology improves. The more data that IoT devices collect, the smarter they will become. Cities will transform into Smart Cities through the use of IoT connected devices. Think of Smart Traffic Lights that collect data on traffic, and use that data to synchronized lights to peak traffic times.

Overall, this improves cities overall efficiency and saves the government money since everything can be remotely managed. Smart homes, thermostats, lighting systems and coffee makers will all collect data on your habits and patterns of usage. All this data will be collected to help facilitate Machine Learning.

How do we security to these devices?

With the billions of IoT devices connected to the open internet, how do we ensure these devices are secure?

Encryption Scheme: AES vs. TLS/SSL

Encryption can solve a complicated problem. When people think about encryption, many will turn to TLS/SSL, however, these protocols don’t cut it for encryption and processing. The reason these protocols aren’t optimal is they are point-to-point solutions and not end-to-end solutions. When data has to go through many different points on the chain, we are going to have to account for different security protocols and devices. This requires a security solution like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) since it provides end-to-end security, and encrypts the message all the way through. Only devices with the encryption keys can decrypt the encrypted data as it’s sent and received.

AES also allows you to wrap the message body with AES and leave all the actionable data in TLS. Actionable data, for instance, would be temperature information that you are trying to read. In addition, we need to prevent all inbound ports from being open at all costs since this can leave your IoT devices open to vulnerabilities and DDOS attacks. Devices should only make outbound connections, so that way the door is closed to accessing applications and services behind those open ports. The connection outward can be left open so the device can listen in with a secure tunnel back from the network.

Rather than trying to fit all of the IoT Protocols on top of existing architecture models like OSI Model, we have divided the protocols into the following layers to provide some level of organization:

Infrastructure (ex: 6LowPAN, IPv4/IPv6, RPL)
Identification (ex: EPC, uCode, IPv6, URIs)
Comms / Transport (ex: Wifi, Bluetooth, LPWAN)
Discovery (ex: Physical Web, mDNS, DNS-SD)
Data Protocols (ex: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, Websocket, Node)
Device Management (ex: TR-069, OMA-DM)
Semantic (ex: JSON-LD, Web Thing Model)
Multi-layer Frameworks (ex: Alljoyn, IoTivity, Weave, Homekit)

Conclude: Machine learning and IoT together can do a miracle in today's modern technology, if both of them are used with good understanding.

AUTHOR:

Mr. NAVNEET VERMA

(Head of CSE Department Geeta Engineering College, Panipat)

GEC WRITHLON 5

Saturday, 4 April 2020

ELECTRONICS Saturday, April 04, 2020

HEALTH AND FITNESS

‘Health is wealth’ and ‘fitness is the key’. What does the health means? Health means ‘being well’, we call a person healthy if he/she fit physically as well as mentally.

Factor affecting our health

Our health and fitness is not something which can achieve on our own. It depends on the physical environment and quality of food they take. Pollution free environment directly affect our fitness. Our habits also determine our fitness level. The quality of food, water and air we intake, all affects our fitness level.

Role of Diet on fitness

The first thing which affects our fitness is food. We must take food which is full of nutritious it means food rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates. Protein is good for body growth; carbohydrates provide the energy for performing various tasks. Vitamins and minerals build bones and boost our immune system which helps us to fight diseases.

However, taking food in uneven quantity is not good for our health, Taking essential minerals in proper amount are good for health and it is called balanced diet. Balanced diet keeps us fit and healthy. Good food helps us in better sleep, proper functioning of brain, and proper healthy body weight.

Healthy food saves us from many diseases. Reducing the amount of fat in our food prevents us from cholesterol and heart diseases. Roughage helps in cleaning inner body organs.

Impact of Exercise on our health

Exercise is essential for our health, Routine exercise help us to improve muscle power. Exercise helps good oxygen supply and blood flow throughout the body. Heart Lungs and other parts of bodywork efficiently. Our bones get strong and have pain less movement in joint. Exercise also lower our blood sugar level and improve the insulin to work better. Exercise make easy to quit smoking. Exercise releases some chemicals in our body that can improve our mood and deal with stress so reduce the risk of depression.

We should spend at least thirty minutes in exercise. Daily morning walk improve our immune system. Exercise burns our fat and controls the cholesterol level in our body which prevents us from heart diseases. We should also play various outdoor games like cricket, football, volleyball etc to keep us fit. Regular exercise maintains our body fit.

Meditation and Yoga

From ancient time meditation and yoga are the part of our life. They make us physically as well as mentally strong. Meditation also improves our concentration level and our thinking become positive. Yoga makes us stress free it also control our blood pressure. Meditation is the best way to fight with depression.

Conclusion

A Person stays happy only when he/she is healthy, because healthy person is less prone to chronic diseases. The healthy mind reacts better in pressure situation and also the self-confidence of a person is increased. Cholesterol level is reduced so risk of heart failure is reduced. Increases the immunity power could fight with cancerous cells. The intensity of bone breakage and fracture is decreased with regular exercise.

Author:

Mr. Vimal

(Assistant Professor, Electronics Department)

GEC WRITHLON 0

Friday, 3 April 2020

ELECTRONICS Friday, April 03, 2020

What is probability?

Probability is the basic need of communication in Engineering, we discuss all possibilities

That can take place. Basically, it tells about chances of any outcome can take place.

All software, we make use all possibilities and their chances of favour and against.

In the cases where sample space is very small, we normally use favourable outcomes over total outcomes but when sample space is very large, we can’t make it manually, we are dependent on binomial, poisson and normal distribution. When p(SUCCESS) is intermediate in size and n(no. Of outcomes) is large, we use binomial distribution and when p is very small and n is very large, we use poisson distribution.

Probability is a way that many people understand basically. Since words like “proportion”, “likelihood”, “chance” and “possibility” are used in everyday speech. Following are the examples of fact statements of probability which might be heard in any of the business situation: -

1)There is a 30% chance of this job not to be finished in time.

2)There is every likelihood that the business will be making a great profit the following year.

The concept of probability is really very important. It has discovered a very extensive application in the development of every physical science. Sometimes a person explains without actually discussing probability. The probability is a way which mainly measures the degree of uncertainty and therefore of certainty of the occurring of events.

There are some situation for all of you doing communication subjects in branches ECE, CSE,IT

They all must practice of following questions

Daily life situation

1. Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test in specified as follows:

Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of people free of HIV, 90% of the test are judged HIV –ve but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV +ve. From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and the pathologist reports him/her as HIV +ve. What is the probability that the person actually has HIV ?

2. A doctor from panipat is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probability that he will come by train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport, are respectively The probabilities that he will be late are , if he comes by train, bus and scooter respectively, but if he comes by other means of transport, then he will not be late. When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes train?

3. Shakuni mama is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.

4. Lal path lab panipat blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact, present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person tested (i.e., if a healthy person is tested, then with probability 0.005, the test will imply he has the disease). If 0.1 per cent of the population actually has the disease, what is the probability that a person has the disease given that his test is positive?

5. Assume that the chances of a patient having a corona is 40%. It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time, a patient can choose any one of the two option with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options the patient selected at random suffers a corona. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?

6. In answering a question on a MCQ test with 4 choices per question, a student of GEETA ENGG COLLEGE PANIPAT knows the answer, guesses or copies the answer. Let be the probability that he knows the answer, be the probability that he quesses and that he copies it. Assuming that a student, who copies the answer, will be correct with the probability , what is the probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly?

IN ALL ABOVE CASES WE ARE ONLY DEPENDENT ON PROBABILITY

Author

Mohinder Malhotra

GGI PNP

GEC WRITHLON 0

Wednesday, 1 April 2020

MECHANICAL Wednesday, April 01, 2020

Robotics

Robotics, in various forms, have been in the minds of humans since we were able to build Things.

You can see machines made by artisans trying to mimic human movements and behavior. Examples include the statues of Venice's San Marcos Clock Tower Hit the clock by the hour and the figures tell a story of the fifteenth century astronomical clock toward the Old Town Hall Tower in Prague. Sophisticated machines with repetitive movements from toys, simple types are other examples. In Hollywood, movies also portray robots and humanoids superior to humans.

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Humanoids are in principle robots and are designed and operated by the same basic concepts. The elements used in robots and robotics are actuators, sensors, vision systems and so on. Robot Rovers are no different usually has low degrees of freedom and usually moves in flight. Exoskeleton and Humanoid robots, walking machines and robots that mimic animals and insects may have several degrees of freedom (DOF) and special capabilities. However, the same The principles we learn about manipulators also apply to robot rovers, whether kinematics differential motions, dynamics or control.

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Robots are very powerful elements in today's industry. They are capable of demonstrating many different tasks and activities are accurate and do not require general security and comfort elements needed by humans. However, this requires a lot of effort and many resources for the robot to function properly. Most companies made robots in the mid-1980s with only a few exceptions, there are only companies that make real industrial robots remained in the market (Adept, Staubli, Fanuc, Cuca, Epson, Motoman, Denso, Specialized robotic companies such as Fuji, and IS robotics, as well as Mako Surgical Corporation). Early entrepreneur predictions about the number of robots in the industry has never materialized because high expectations cannot be met current robots, as a result, have many thousands of robots in the industry working tirelessly and satisfactorily for the intended jobs, the robots are not overwhelmed in place of workers. They are used wherever they are useful. Like humans, robots can do Some things, but not others. They are designed correctly for the Intended purposes, they are very useful and to be used. The subject of robotics has many different areas. Robots are never alone useful. These can be used in conjunction with other devices, peripherals and other manufacturers Machines. They are usually integrated into one system, which is designed as a whole do a thing or do an operation.

What is a robot?

If you combine a traditional robot manipulator with a crane, say, utility or you will notice that the towing vehicle is similar to the robot manipulator crane. Both have several links that are regularly attached to each other with joints, where each joint is moved by some kind of actuator. In both systems, the "hand" of the manipulator can be moved into space and placed in the desired workspace of the system. Each it can carry a certain load and is controlled by a central controller. However, one is called a robot and one is called a manipulator (or, in this case, a Crane). Similarly, material handling manipulators that move heavy objects in manufacturing plants look like robots, but they are not robots. The fundamental difference between both, the crane and the manipulator are controlled by a man and controls the actuators, while the robot manipulator is controlled by a running computer program. This difference between the two determines whether or not a device is simple manipulator or robot.

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Generally, robots are designed and controlled Through a computer or similar device. The movements of the robot are controlled by a Computer supervised controller, which runs some kind of program. Therefore, if the program is changed, the robot's actions change accordingly. The idea is to have a device that can do many different things. Therefore, the robot is designed much can be done based on the running program (s) by changing Program. This cannot be done without a simple manipulator (or crane) operator running all the time.

Different countries have different standards for what is considered a robot. In the American standards require that the device, which is considered a robot, be easily reproduced. Therefore, manual handling equipment (devices with multiple degrees of freedom and Equipment operated by the operator) or fixed-range robots (devices controlled by hard stops) It is difficult to change the control actuator movements in a fixed sequence) are not considered robots.

AUTHOR:

VIKAS NANDAL

(Assistant Professor Mechanical Department Geeta Engineering College Panipat)

GEC WRITHLON 6

ELECTRONICS Wednesday, April 01, 2020

MODERN OPTICAL FIBER

INTRODUCTION:

Fiber-Optic Communication is that the latest and advanced mode of knowledge communication which has very recent roots dating back to less than 40 years ago, this was the main breakthrough in the field of communication.

Right from this time, there has been a continuously increasing need for bandwidth for communication due to continuously increasing the number of users. More people wanted to speak , and thus large bandwidths were required thereby forcing communication scientists to seem for brand spanking new possibilities. Communication Scientists everywhere the planet were in an incessant look for a wideband and low-loss medium of knowledge communication which might be used at high data rates with the least amount of lost possibly. This constant search, for such a medium, led to the event of glass fiber communication.

MOTIVATION - OPTICAL COMFINDMENT

We already have a lot of sources of light in our day to day life, for e.g. incandescent bulbs, gas bulbs, LEDs, fluorescent lamps, etc. Then why worry about sources?

Similarly, the second question also features a very obvious answer. Fibers also are used for illumination and are wrapped in bundles in order that they'll choose a spread of other applications,including sensors and fiber lasers. They are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light must be shone on a target without a transparent line-of-sight path. Many microscopes use fiber-optic light sources to provide intensely.

WHY OPTICAL FIBRE :

Fibers having attenuations greater than 1 dB/km are rarely .it used in communication networks. The attenuation of wrongly matched fibers can exceed 1 dB/km per connector or splice if they're mis handled during installation stages. Precise positioning of the fibers to center the cores requires good coupling efficiency. Connector loss can be avoided by splicing the 2 ends of the fibers permanently, either by gluing of by fusing at high temperatures. Losses in gaps are often viewed as a kind of Fresnel loss because existing air space introduces two media interfaces and their associated Fresnel reflection losses. In this case, there are two major losses to be considered. The first loss takes place on the inner surface of the transmitting fiber, and therefore the second loss occurs thanks to reflections from the surface of the second fiber. One way of eliminating these losses is by introducing a coupler that matches the optical impedances of the 2 materials.

a. Mie Scattering

b. Rayleigh Scattering

a) Mie Scattering

Non-perfect cylindrical structure of the fiber and

imperfections like irregularities in the core-cladding

interface, diameter fluctuations, strains, and bubbles may

make linear scattering known as Mie scattering.

b) Rayleigh Scattering

The main reason behind Rayleigh scattering is refractive index fluctuations due to density and compositional variation in the core. It is the main intrinsic loss mechanism within the low impedance window. By using longest possible wavelength Rayleigh scattering can be reduced to a large extent.

CONCLUSION :

The decision of a suitable crisis rebuilding technique for a harmed glass fiber link, likewise as its perpetual fix, relies upon the degree of the harm and especially on the conveyance of fiber breaks. The reclamation methodology introduced beneath are upheld the reason that glass fiber link frameworks convey enormous traffic cross areas and warrant an impressive . Therefore, a fundamental comprehension of the mechanics of link conduct, concerning the mechanical pressure applied to the link, in harm circumstances is significant in creating and applying these techniques. Particularly at high optical force level scattering causes lopsided weakening, due to non-straight conduct. On account of this nonlinear dissipating, the optical force from one mode is moved in either the forward or reverse way to an equal , or different modes, at various frequencies.

AUTHOR:

SONIA KATARIA

(Assistant Professor Applied Science Department Geeta Engineering College Panipat)

GEC WRITHLON 14

Monday, 30 March 2020

ELECTRONICS Monday, March 30, 2020

Latest Trend in Logistics

For every business, logistics is the path of success because the entire path for movement of goods, services and information from one place to another place (from point of origin to point of consumption).

Logistics not only deals with movement of information but also maintain the huge amount of relevant data electronically, maintain adequate level of inventory, electronically updating of order when the level of order reaches at ordering point.

Logistics means the art of managing the flow of raw material and finished goods from the source to user. Logistics to get goods from where they arise to the right place in the right form, at the right time, at the right cost. “Logistics is an integral part of marketing process”.

Logistics successful deals with follow of 7 R’s

• Right price

• Right product

• Right quantity

• Right place

• Right condition

• Right customer

• Right condition

But according to my view, above all these criteria, right decision also influence the success of logistics. If amount, time and place decision are not taken proper, then it adversely affect the operation of business. If the order amount will not decide appropriate then it leads to create under stock or over stock.

Logistics management is defined as a process of planning, implementation and controlling the movement of raw material, products, services, and data from the stage of production to consumer end user.

Logistics management is the element of supply chain management and it is used to implement and control the efficient, effective forward, reverse slow or storage of goods, services and information. The complexity of logistics can be reduced by simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in logistics field.

Increase in e-commerce gives birth to the e-commerce logistics which leads to order electronically, updating of stock electronically and payment electronically all these factor reduce the cost and resources of logistics. There are apps for trucking miles driven, freight sent, inbound orders and customer service interaction all are managed through applications.

MAJOR TECHNOLOGY CHANGE THE FUTURE OF LOGISTICS INDUSTRY

• Shipment tracking system

Internet of things

• Radio frequency identification

• Enhanced GPS accuracy

• Social media

• Automatic information technology

• Warehouse robotics

• Mobile apps

• Electronic data interchange

• Enterprise resource planning

1. Shipment tracking system: Today, internet and software advances allow the customer or supplier both to track the ship due to use of tracker system 24x7. It allows the customer to manage and monitor the ship.

2. Internet of things: Shipment tracking system only tracks the ship but IOT open various opportunities for supply chain. Sensors are built into cabs, cargo ship, train etc and connect to an alarm system that is monitoring and tracking. This sensor process information to supplier.

3. Radio frequency identification: RFID technology is a labor saving way companies can track their inventory. A tag is placed on the product and radio waves are sent out. Many companies are using RFID tags in their distribution warehouse to monitor the containers.

4. Enhanced GPS accuracy: Now everyone uses GPS, it increase productivity and satisfied customer by tracking trucks location and improving hauls to access traffic.

5. Social media: 59% of Americans who have a social account agree that customer service via social media has made it easier to get customer feedback.

6. Automatic information technology: Auto ID is the term used to illustrate the straight entry of data and information in the computer system and microprocessor controlled device.

7. Warehouse robotics: AGVs are portable robots used on the warehouse floor. They are controlled by computers and maintain stock without the need of board operator.

8. Enterprise resource planning: ERP software is used to maintain the appropriate level of resources and share a common data and data model, deep operational end to end

processes.

MAJOR ACTIVITIES OF LOGISTICS

• Transportation: transportation department analyze the expenses of the logistics firm and also faster delivery of the products. Proper packaging of product ensures safety of goods and also determines the best route for delivery.

• Warehousing: goods are stored in warehouse according to appropriate temperature so that off season products are also available all the time. Warehouse should be located at that place through which the transportation cost will be minimized.

• Order processing: order processing deals with the fulfillment of customer order. It start when the customer place an order and end with completion of order with customer satisfaction.

• Inventory management: inventory management deals with maintain of appropriate level of inventory so that the business not face the problem of over and under stocking. Now, the business not needs to maintain huge amount of stock due to availability of faster source of transportation available in the market.

• Purchasing: it deals with the procurement of goods and services at that right time, right amount and right price at that point where carrying or ordering cost will be minimize and at the same point in which total cost also is minimize.

• Packaging: packaging of product is done in a manner which increases the safety of product through the movement of goods and services from one place to another place.

• Provide information: business cannot make sufficient profit up to the information of product was not spread at all the targeted area and this became possible through advertisement.

At last, we can conclude that logistic is one of the growing industry in the economy.

Technology updating in logistics is growing day by day which reduce the time for order processing.

Author:

Tara Rani

Student BBA 3RD Year Management Dept. Geeta Engineering College

VIVEK KUMAR GUPTA 63

Sunday, 22 March 2020

ELECTRONICS Sunday, March 22, 2020

Mnemonics in Educational Research

Many educational institutes which provide Coaching to crack entrance exams takes help of mnemonics to pile up huge amount of information.

These institutes have now adopted short tricks to teach their students which is not useful for long term memory access, this is bcoz of the pattern of the exam that is most of the questions are multiple choice that can easily be solved by remembering short trick methods. Now, students don’t want to get deep knowledge of the concern subjects, they only opt for the institutions which provide better mnemonics. Mnemonics can help to remember specific information but the fact of information is not accessed.

Teaching & Learning is always an art. But, when we take the traditional teaching & learning, knowledge loss is very high. As per our research, we have found that the knowledge loss is more than 60% for any subject on an average. Traditional Teaching & Learning is having advantage of more interaction, changing pace. But it failed to address the knowledge loss due to mixed crowd, personal motivation.

General methods to improve memory:-

· Use Images

Images can provide a memory benefit. Using this way enhance memory problems & helps to remember things for long term.

· Increase amount of practice

Students remember things better if they have practice using it more frequently.

· Enhance meaningfulness

Use more examples for students to explore so the content becomes more meaningful a part of their experience.

· Increase attention

Students will not be able to remember the things taught in the class, if they don’t pay attention.

· Minimize interference

Emphasize only on the critical features of a new topic. Avoid irrelevant information that waste your precious time and not helping in building up a response that answer your problem.

· Promote Active modifications

Student recall things better when they experience it for themselves. They must be given opportunity to modify the content and analyze it, and then only they can strengthen themselves.

· Promote written ability

Many things that need to be recalled must be written down on a piece of paper which is called as external memory. For instance such as keeping a notebook of assignments and students calendar may leads to fruitful outputs.

Mnemonics helps to reduce stress, make free up cognitive resources for higher order thinking. It also helps students perform better in exams without fear. Practical demands are not met by mnemonics that’s why they are not widely used now, days in the education system. They don’t help with transfer of knowledge or long passages etc.

Mnemonics requires practice and training on regular basis and may not lead to long time memory access without cooperation from other methods and techniques. It should be repeatedly used not just once because that is of no use if it has no application to relate it to the next higher study material. When we are deciding to use the learning techniques we must know how and where to use such methods. It does not revolutionalize education system level.

AUTHOR: